My sister, who gave me the training manual for working dogs writes:

"But you should know this -- and it probably doesn't pertain in full to small dogs -- the trainers for that dog place where we got Raleigh and the trainer we had come to the house do not believe in hurting the dogs or yelling.  In fact, they stress that hurting and yelling are counterproductive.  At least in worker dogs (like labs and ger shepherds their neck muscles are the thickest and strongest in their bodies. A yank on the leash or a chin bop or nose bop are intended to surprise and get their attention. These training procedures are not to be done with force but with seriousness. During the training, rewards and "good dog"s should be so exaggerated (they even said we should do a dance, hop up and down with delight and give many kisses) that they will want to please and not a quiet no."  Joyce Stack, Jan 20, 1998